If you鈥檝e worked in numerous countries and paid into their Social Security systems, make sure you get back what you鈥檙e entitled to when it comes time to retire.
If, like me, you鈥檝e worked in a number of countries other than the U.S. and paid into their social security systems, then you need to be aware that you may be eligible for retirement benefits from those countries. Since they won鈥檛 seek you out, it鈥檚 your responsibility to file a claim for retirement benefits at any Social Security office in the U.S. or the applicable foreign country.
A few years ago, it was time for my husband to retire from his college job. He鈥檚 British and had worked in the U.K. as a teenager and in Germany (where I met him) as an adult. Plus he had worked in the U.S., although mostly under a state-sponsored retirement system. Because he had never collected 40 work credits (10 years) under the U.S. Social Security system, I assumed he would only be eligible for Medicare (which everybody pays into), but not for Social Security payments. Surprise! We learned that when the number of years he worked in Germany and the U.K. was combined with the years he worked in the U.S., this brought him up to 10 years paying into federal programs, so he qualified for Social Security benefits in the U.S.! His eligibility was made possible through a totalization agreement.
Totalization Agreements
Since the late 1970s, the U.S. has established a network of bilateral Social Security agreements that coordinate the U.S. Social Security program with the comparable programs of other countries. Such agreements are known as totalization agreements. The U.S. currently has with 25 countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Agreements with Hungary and Mexico are pending.1
Totalization agreements improve benefit protection for workers who have divided their careers between the U.S. and other countries. They also eliminate the need for and taxes for multinational companies and expatriate workers. This means that if you work in a country that has an agreement with the U.S., your Social Security coverage will be assigned to either the U.S. or the foreign country, so you and your employer do not have to pay taxes to both.2
Under the terms of these agreements, even if you haven鈥檛 lived in the U.S. long enough to accumulate 40 work credits (also referred to as calendar quarters), you may still be eligible for benefit payments from the U.S. system. If you have worked long enough in the U.S. to receive payments, don鈥檛 forget to mention the other countries where you鈥檝e lived, worked, and paid into the system when applying for retirement benefits. If you鈥檝e paid into the system of one or more of the countries listed above, the U.S. system will actually make the initial benefits application for you. If, however, your country is not one of those listed, you鈥檒l need to pay into both systems if you hope to have the time count in both countries. Then you鈥檒l have to apply to the appropriate authority of each country when the time comes to retire.
Since my husband and I worked in Germany, Switzerland, the U.K., and the U.S., I鈥檒l be focusing on these systems. However, more than likely, the method we used to secure our benefits from these countries will have similarities for other countries with totalization agreements, and quite possibly some similarities with those not having totalization agreements with the U.S.
How Does It Work?
Basically, when you鈥檙e eligible to receive benefits in the U.S., go to your local Social Security office and ask to complete a totalization application. Explain to the clerk that you鈥檝e worked in countries that have a totalization agreement with the U.S. and would like to take advantage of that. They鈥檒l be able to help you fill out the application. When it comes time to include the information about the other countries in which you鈥檝e worked, you鈥檒l be asked questions about the specifics of that work. So, the more information you have, the better!
If you have the equivalent of your Social Security number for the other country鈥檚 system, that will be helpful, but it鈥檚 not absolutely mandatory. Many countries will help you find the number. If, however, you鈥檙e living outside the U.S. at the time of retirement, go to the office responsible for Social Security benefits there and they鈥檒l apply for the U.S. Social Security benefits you鈥檙e owed while also applying for Social Security in the country you鈥檙e in. The other country can also use your U.S. credits to help you meet the eligibility requirements for foreign Social Security benefits.
One of the advantages of totalization agreements is that most countries have a minimum time you must have paid into their system in order to receive benefits. As an example, I can cite my husband鈥檚 case as well as my own. If it were not for the totalization agreements, my husband would only have qualified for benefits from Germany, as it was only there that he had fulfilled the time requirement of 60 months. (He actually paid into the system for 61 months!) In the U.S., due to my husband鈥檚 work for a state-sponsored retirement system, he had only paid into the federal system for just over six years. However, the U.S. requires 40 calendar quarters, or 10 years. Without the time he had worked in Germany, he wouldn鈥檛 have qualified for any U.S. benefits other than Medicare. But with the totalization agreement, the time he worked in Germany was added to the time in the U.S., so it amounted to over 40 quarters. In my case, I do not have enough years in the German system, but I should reach the 60-month requirement easily when my U.S. quarters are applied.
What happens after you鈥檝e submitted your application under a totalization agreement? Usually, once the U.S. application has been submitted, the information will be passed on to the other countries, and they in turn will get in touch with you to determine your eligibility. If you鈥檝e already established your eligibility, this step will go relatively quickly and you鈥檒l start receiving benefits paid into your U.S. bank account before you know it. By this I mean that each country pays its own liabilities, so it does not all end up in the hands of the U.S. Social Security Administration. For instance, my husband receives three different payments, two of which fluctuate depending on the exchange rate.
Caution: One Potential Stumbling Block
The (WEP) is a provision in U.S. law that changes the way your U.S. Social Security benefits are calculated. WEP can reduce your U.S. retirement or disability benefits if you receive a pension based on work for which you did not pay U.S. Social Security taxes on those earnings.3 This may be work for a U.S. government agency (as in my husband鈥檚 case) or an employer in another country. Any pension you get based on that work may reduce your Social Security benefits. The Social Security Administration uses a modified formula to calculate your benefit amount, resulting in a lower Social Security benefit than you would receive otherwise.
Information on Applying for Social Security BenefitsHere are some online resources for more detailed information on international retirement benefits.
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How to Establish Eligibility in Advance
Each country differs in terms of how you establish retirement eligibility, but I鈥檝e found the Internet is a treasure trove of information in this regard. Here are a few examples:
- Germany maintains a website for those living outside the country: .
- In Switzerland it鈥檚 . The general website for those living outside Switzerland is . Both sites provide a form for determining the potential benefit in advance. This can be completed online and submitted, or you can print it out and mail it in.
- The website for the U.K. is . You can also get a state pension statement by going to .
Assuming you鈥檙e fluent in the language of the country where you lived, you should have no problem determining which form applies to you.
One of the bits of information most governments will want is your old identification number. As our years abroad were decades ago, this turned out to be the hardest part for my husband and me. In Germany, our health insurance companies were able to tell us that number. In the U.K., there was an online form available for investigating one鈥檚 National Insurance number. To my relief, I actually still had my identification card from Switzerland that included my number.
Another interesting distinction between countries is the legal retirement age. For instance, if I was a woman living in Switzerland, I would be eligible to retire at 64, while here in the U.S. full retirement age for me would be 66. That means if I don鈥檛 want to miss out on some of my benefits, I鈥檒l need to apply to Switzerland before I apply here in the U.S., unless I choose to take early retirement. You鈥檙e allowed to postpone retirement in Switzerland, but you have to let the proper authority know that鈥檚 your intention, or they鈥檒l assume you don鈥檛 want your money. You won鈥檛 be able to receive retroactive benefits.
Switzerland has an online calculator for determining your eventual benefit, but it does require quite a bit of specific information. I was able to get that information from my former employer, so the calculation was accurate. I also submitted a query by mail, and it returned the same result as the online calculator. Another curious difference about Switzerland is that it has now ruled that Americans who have worked in the country for at least one full year do not require credits from the U.S. system to qualify for benefits. Before the system used to require five years, but now it鈥檚 only one, so this makes applying for retirement at the age of 64 possible.
It should be noted that the governments of the world are in a flux when it comes to determining full retirement age. It鈥檚 changing in the U.S., the U.K., Germany, and even in Switzerland. I鈥檓 sure these are not the only countries postponing full retirement age and thus entitlements. Many countries are also changing laws to make retirement age the same for both men and women, whereas before women often could retire earlier.
One Last Tip
Many countries believe in a three-pillar system for retirement. Basically, your Social Security is your first pillar (securing a minimum standard of living), and is not meant to be your sole income upon retirement. The second pillar is usually provided by an employer鈥攁 401(k) or occupational pension. This may be true in other countries in which you鈥檝e worked as well, so don鈥檛 forget to enquire about it. (It seems that employer pensions are becoming increasingly uncommon, at least in the U.S.) The third pillar (private pension) would be something like an annuity or individual retirement account you may have started. You get tax benefits while you鈥檙e working for adding funds to these accounts and then later draw on them for the final piece of the retirement puzzle. If you started something like this in another country, you鈥檒l have to check with the provider to find out how and when you can start drawing on that pillar.
The bottom line in maximizing your retirement benefits is to do your research. Just don鈥檛 leave any of it on the table!
Notes
- 鈥淗ow International Agreements Can Help You,鈥 .
- Windfall Elimination Provision, .
Ruth Gentes Krawczyk has been a professional German>English translator for about 20 years. She received her MA in German translation from Kent State University in 2000. She served as both the assistant administrator and administrator of ATA鈥檚 German Language Division (a total of six years). She lived in Germany and Switzerland for about seven years in the 1980s while polishing her German skills. Her first translated work of fiction is due out in January 2016. Contact: mail@haveruthtranslate.com.